Refuge: Transforming a broken refugee system.- intro and chapter 1.

• Authors - Alexander Betts- political scientist, Paul Collier- Economist. 
• There goal' has been to writes for a generalist audience , to engage intelligent and interested member of the public keen to understand the origins of the ' refugee crisis' and explore with us ideas for a workable solution.' 
• ' It seeks to rock with the constraints and opportunities of the contemporary world and channel them into a system that can provide refugees with autonomy and dignity.'  
• 2015, spark in large refugee numbers coming from the poorest parts of the world to some of the richest.
• Mass violence in Syrian 2011- the civilians involved mainly moved to countries like Jordan , Lebanon and Turkey, however this then offers limited options.
• Only when 700 people drowned crossing to Lampedusa ( Italian island) did the media start to pay attention and claim it to be a ' global refugee crisis.'
• Total that year 3,000 from drowning. 
• Migrant Smuggling- by gangs.
• 2016 Europe effectively dose it's doors.
• Not allowed work.

The purpose of refuge:

• 1648- treaty of Westphalia- ' refuge entails..., when face serious harm at home , they should be allowed to flee and receive access to a safe haven , at least until they can go home or be permanently reintegrated else where.' 
• Cold War Iron curtain- 

• 'Eurocentrasim'
• the rules apply to the people fleeing from persecution but not disorder.
• UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) built camps, but they unincidentally turned into percent resting places.
• '...refuge is about fulfilling a duty of rescue. Born out of out common humanity, it is based on the simple recognition that we have shared obligation towards our fellow human beings.
• Entitiled to expect 3 things: rescue, autonomy ' route out of limbo.'
• 'Contary to popular belief , most refugees are not in camps, over half now live in large cities like Nairobi, Johannesburgh.
• Half world's refugees in ' protracted refugee situations.' Two decades average stay-'people are born into camps, grow up in camps and become adults in camps.'
•  lack of support from international community.

The need for a new approach"

• Status quo changing.
• Cold War: Extremist religions has replaces extremist ideologies. 
• 'It has to be about restoring people's autonomy through jobs and education...'
• Different models for different countries. not one size fits all. 
• Dag Hammarskjold- ' was not created to take mankind to heaven, but to save humanity from hell.' 

Part 1 - Why is there a crisis? :

• To be a refugee you have to cross an international border however many who are fleeing the violence are not in a position to do that so they are Displaced NOT Refugee.
• number of people displaced - 65.3 million.
• 'Global modernity has not only produced technological miracles like the iPhone , and more than 1, 800 billionaires , it has broken all records for the human tragedies that constitute displacement.' 
• Rich ge richer and the poor get poorer concept ?

what drives refugee displacement ?

• 'people seeking refuge are not fleeing poverty , they are fleeing danger.'
• 1935-45 - rise of fascim- dangerous for Jews.
• Creating huge civilian dislocation.
• society collapse into mass violence.
• Legitimacy
• Fragility.
• Democracy 
• Libya- Colonel Gaddafi.
• Gaddafi over throne , country did not develop but defended into violent rivalry.
• 'A third factor leading to increases in fragility is technology.'
• tear gas, phone tapping.
• social media.
• chance forms of social protest.
• Obama- Yes we can! campain.
• social media confronted state violence.
• links countries and people together.
• Another factor price of natural resources ' super cycle.' - up to 2013.
• Nicolas Berman- geo-referenced all the mineral resources extracted in Africa , unlike them geographically to outbreaks of organised violence...' 
• Arab Spring- linked claimed partially to the super cycle.

Islamic Extremism:

• less military more exposed to far worse mass violence.
• Mass violence , lack of milliarty , ISIS.
• 'fat tail phenomenon'?
• ISIS- situation greatly amplified by Russian bombing.
• Yemen - worst global displace meant of 2015.
• extreme example for flight, German Jews.
• Boko Haram.
• Refugees are not migrants.
• Top countries that refugees flee to in the past 4 decades:
• Pakistan.
• Iran.
• Ethiopia 
• kenya
• Uganda.
• Tanzania.
• all countries of emigration but also close by.
• key message for these part-
• 'The underlying process of refugee generation is clear enough: a large group of fragile states is each exposed to a small but significant risk that it will implode into mass violence against civilians that generates displacement . Many of these displace will probably remain in their own countries , but many others will seek havens beyond the borders.'