- A refugee regime for Cold War Europe.
- Legue of nations high commissioner for refugees (LNHCR.)- Nansen passports.
- WW2- refugee regimes which stand today.
- Two main elements - treating and organisation.
- The 1951 convention ( document.)
- Defines refugee as ' someone outside his or her country of origin , becuase of a 'well- founded fear of persecution' because of race, religion , nationality , membership of a social group, or political opinion.'
- Refugee rights:
- right not to be forcibly retuned to a country which there is a risk of serious harm.
- Key civil and political , economical and social , rights.
-'State imposed tempura limitations. UNHCR'S work was temporally limited: it was set to expire at the end of 1953.'
- Berlin Wall.
- Eurocentrism goes global - Eurocentrism-' European culture or history to the exclusion of a wider view of the world.'
- Soviet - ' Refugee warriors.'
- 'Cities like Beirut and Amman have become the most common alter- native to camp life. Reflecting a wider trend , urbanisation is shaping the lived reality of refugees- and large numbers liv in global metropolises ... Over half the world's refugees, including 75% of the Syrians live in urban areas in neighbouring countries.'
- ' The result is that too many refugees in cities find themselves without aid and facing destitution.'
CHAPTER 3 - The Pannic.
- Making the tinder box : Schengen - an area comprising of 26 European states that have officially abolished passports and all other border control with shared borders.
- The schengen area moved all border controls within a vast area of Europe ....' Border controls are not just symbols: they are practical measures.'
- ' An emotive political vision overrode the rather obvious practical requirements without which it exposed the entire area to potential dangers. Europe had made a tinder box.
- Schengen was created without agreement or common external border police.
- Border system broke down - ' waving through' refugees started without recording their details on the European database.
- 'The Spark - Arab Spring.
- Mohamed Bouazizi - 17th December 2010 - 'became the equivalent of the bullet fired by the assassin Gavrilo Princip which killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand and triggered the first world war.'
- Bouazizi's act triggers mass protest.
- Mediterranean - people - smuggling to Europe.
- 'Mare Nostrum .'- Italian rescue operation - By towing a dinghy out to sea , packed with migrants and abandoning it, the smugglers could deliver people to Europe cheaply without the risk of persecution.
- Mare Nostrum- suspended 2014- April 2015, 700 people drowned in two days.
- However ' in practise the migrants could move anywhere in Schengen.'
- Due to working regulations and restrictions on migrants they needed to find unregulated work.
-Britain - lightly regulated- no national ID cards.
- But the English Channel needed to be crossed hence - people smugglers used lorries to get people across.
- Assad regime - lack of western intervention compared to Iraq. But even without western intervention the regime lost control over some territories.
- Lots of different groups fighting each other.
- Israel ' no Syrian refugees' policy.
- 'The European policies that have shaped the Syrian refugee disaster have lurched between the headless heart and the heartless head.'
- Even though the issue became priority for Europe , its content was all about Europe rather then about refugees.
-Which counties should accept refugees and which should not.
- Which politicians should make the decisions.
-Refugee crisi directly contributing to Brexit: The 'leave' campaines had two main messages- 'Poster depicting the exodus across south- eastern Europe and ' Breaking point.' Other slogans where ' Take back control .'
- These messages shifted the opinion polls.
- Terror attacks - France , Germany , Belgium , UK - ' the attacks are not being perpetrated by refugees.' But widespread public perception has emerged that terrorism is connected to europe's immigration crisis.
- Merkel, Still welcomes refugees' It was the right thing to do.'
ETHICS : The Duty of rescue.
- principle of both heart and head.
- Nature of our moral duty towards refugees.
- 'The objective of the duty of rescue is not to improve the quality of life relative to the preflight solution , but to restore it as hear to pre- flight normality as is possible.'
- ' The need of refugees will differ for example. children will need schooling, young people need work , elderly care.
- 'But for those who have fled their country (still legal) means that the duty falls on 7 billion people group into over 200 counties .' solution suggested ...
- HEAD - Rescue should be done through partnership.
- HEART - Solidarity.
- 'During the Syrian crisis no of this happened. Instead , it was an ethical train crash. As millions of desperate refugees flee across borders to Turkey, Jordan and Lebanon, the international response was utterly inadequate.'
2015
- Merkel called for directive for burden - sharing of the resulting influx.
- David Camaron, King of Jordan and the world bank- meeting to be held in February 2016 in London, to share financial burden , in order to help create jobs of refugees.
- Merkel public support depleted.
-Syrian refugees confined to camps.
- Britain voted to leave the EU. David Cameron resigned.
- The book claims that all this is down to two failures -
1- International coordination .
2- Headless heart - Merkel's ' well - intentioned intervention has led to both practical disaster and ethical dilemmas which were entirely avoidable.'
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